Resources

In this study, Wageningen University & Research analyse the impact of UTZ certification and implementing companies on cocoa farmers yields, income, working and living conditions, and environmental protection.

This paper presents findings from two studies focussed on the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Programme. It presents evidence that the programme increases child engagement in economic activities, but that is also results in benefits including higher school participation and better physical health.

This report presents results from an evaluation of the Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty cash transfer programme, conducted in several regions of Ghana.

This review, carried out by the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), evaluates 43 quantitative studies and 136 qualitative studies on certification schemes designed to make agricultural production socially sustainable.

Recent declines in world cocoa prices are likely to place additional pressure on already financially-constrained smallholder cocoa farmers in West Africa if they result in sustained lower farm-gate prices paid to farmers. Several studies indicate that the majority of cocoa farmers live in extreme poverty, earning a per capita daily cocoa income of between $0.40-1.60. Any further lowering of farmer incomes as a result of declining cocoa prices could exacerbate the risk of child labour for a number of reasons.